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It's Not What Your Country Can Do for You

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44th United states of america presidential inauguration

Presidential inauguration of
John F Kennedy
Jfk inauguration.jpg
Date January 20, 1961; 61 years agone  (1961-01-20)
Location U.s.a. Capitol,
Washington, D.C.
Organized by Articulation Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies
Participants John F. Kennedy
35th President of the U.s.
— Assuming office
Earl Warren
Primary Justice of the United states
— Administering oath
Lyndon B. Johnson
37th Vice President of the United States
— Bold part
Sam Rayburn
Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
— Administering adjuration

← 1957

1963 (extraordinary) →

The inauguration of John F. Kennedy as the 35th president of the United States was held on Fri, January 20, 1961, at the East Portico of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. It was the 44th inauguration, marker the outset of Kennedy's presidency and Lyndon B. Johnson'southward only term as vice president. Kennedy was assassinated 2 years, 306 days into this term, and Johnson succeeded to the presidency.

Kennedy had narrowly defeated Richard Nixon, the incumbent vice president, in the presidential election. He was the commencement Cosmic to become president, the youngest person elected to the office, and the start U.S. president to have been born in the 20th century.

His inaugural address encompassed the major themes of his campaign and would ascertain his presidency during a fourth dimension of economical prosperity, emerging social changes, and diplomatic challenges.[1] This inauguration was the starting time in which a poet, Robert Frost, participated in the program.

For this inauguration, the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies was chaired past Senator John Sparkman, and included Senators Carl Hayden and Styles Bridges, and Representatives Sam Rayburn, John Westward. McCormack, and Charles A. Halleck.[two]

Sinatra inaugural ball [edit]

[Sinatra'south brawl] may accept marked the moment when popular amusement became an indispensable office of modern politics.

— Todd Due south. Purdum, Vanity Off-white, February. 2011[3] [4]

Frank Sinatra and Peter Lawford organized and hosted a pre-inaugural ball at the D.C. Armory on the eve of Inauguration day, January 19, 1961, considered i of the biggest parties ever held in the history of Washington, D.C.[iii] [4] Sinatra recruited many Hollywood stars who performed and attended, and went equally far every bit convincing Broadway theatres to suspend their shows for the night to accommodate some of their actors attending the gala.[four] With tickets ranging from $100 per person to $10,000 per group, Sinatra hoped to raise $1.7 million ($14.7 1000000 in today's dollars) for the Democratic Party to eliminate its debt brought on by a hard-fought entrada.[3] [four] Many Hollywood stars gave brief speeches or performed acts, rehearsed by Kay Thompson and directed past Roger Edens, and stayed at the Statler-Hilton Hotel where preparations and rehearsals were photographed by Phil Stern.[4] Performances and speeches included Fredric March, Sidney Poitier, Nat King Cole, Ella Fitzgerald, Gene Kelly, Tony Curtis, Janet Leigh, Bill Dana, Milton Berle, Jimmy Durante, Harry Belafonte, and Sinatra himself.

Sammy Davis, Jr., a long-time friend of Sinatra, supporter of the Democratic Party, and member of the Rat Pack, was asked past John F. Kennedy non to attend the gala at the behest of his begetter Joseph,[3] fearing that his interracial wedlock to Swedish actress May Britt was too controversial for the time and occasion, much to Sammy's and Sinatra'southward dismay.[three] [4] Davis had already postponed his wedding to Britt until after the election, also at the request of the Kennedy entrada via Sinatra.[5] Davis eventually switched his support to the Republican Party and Richard Nixon in the early 1970s. Harry Belafonte expressed sadness at the controversy, stating "It was the ambassador, [merely] nosotros didn't know that until later. Sammy not being at that place was a loss."[3]

At the finish of the brawl, Kennedy spoke to give thanks Sinatra on the festivities and his support of the Democratic Party throughout his life and the 1960 campaign, adding "The happy human relationship between the arts and politics which has characterized our long history I call up reached culmination tonight."[4] Jacqueline retired to the White House before the ball ended at 1:30 am (ET), and John went to a second pre-inaugural ball hosted past his begetter Joseph Kennedy, and would finally render to the White House at effectually 3:30 am.[4]

The inaugural nor'easter [edit]

A major winter storm occurred the mean solar day before the inauguration, with temperatures at 20 °F (−seven °C) and snow at 1–2 inches (2.five–5.1 cm) per hour[vi] and a total of 8 inches (twenty cm) during the night,[7] causing transportation and logistical problems in Washington and serious concern for the inauguration.[6] [7] [8] [9]

On inauguration day, January xx, 1961, the skies began to clear but the snow created chaos in Washington, almost canceling the inaugural parade.[six] The U.South. Regular army Corps of Engineers was put in charge of clearing the streets during the evening and morning before the inauguration, and were assisted by more 1,000 District of Columbia employees and ane,700 Boy Scouts.[6] This chore forcefulness employed hundreds of dump trucks, front-end loaders, sanders, plows, rotaries, and flamethrowers to articulate the route.[6] Over 1,400 cars which had been stranded due to the conditions and lack of fuel had to be removed from the parade route along Pennsylvania Avenue.[6]

The snowstorm dropped visibility at Washington National Airport to less than half a mile,[half dozen] preventing former president Herbert Hoover from flying into Washington and attending the inauguration.[10]

Inauguration proceedings [edit]

View of the extended East Front end of the Capitol where the inauguration was held. President Kennedy is in the heart delivering his inaugural address, with Vice-President Johnson and official and invited guests sitting behind him.

Earlier proceeding to the Capitol in company with outgoing president Dwight D. Eisenhower, Kennedy went to a morning Mass at Holy Trinity Cosmic Church in Georgetown.[3] Cardinal Richard Cushing gave the invocation at the inaugural which lasted for 12 minutes.[eleven] Additional prayers were recited by Archbishop Iakovos of the Greek Orthodox Church and Reverend Dr. John Barclay of the Central Christian Church of Austin, Texas, and a approval was offered by Rabbi Nelson Glueck. The invocation and prayers lasted a total of 28 minutes.[eleven] Marian Anderson sang "The Star-Spangled Imprint", and a composition by Leonard Bernstein titled "Fanfare for the Inauguration of John F. Kennedy" was played.

The oath of office for vice president was administered past Speaker of the House of Representatives Sam Rayburn to Lyndon Johnson.[12] This marked the start fourth dimension a House speaker administered the oath, which had been given in previous inaugurations by either the president pro tempore of the Senate, the outgoing vice president, or a Us senator.[13]

Robert Frost, then 86 years old,[14] [15] recited his poem "The Gift Outright".[16] [17] Kennedy requested Frost to read a poem at the inauguration, suggesting "The Gift Outright",[17] [xviii] [19] considered an human action of gratitude towards Frost for his help during the campaign.[xix] Kennedy would later country that he admired the "backbone, the towering skill and daring" of Frost, and adding that "I've never taken the view the world of politics and the world of poetry are and so far autonomously. I think politicians and poets share at least one affair, and that is their greatness depends upon the courage with which they face the challenges of life."[17] American poet William Meredith would say that the request "focused attention on Kennedy equally a man of culture, as a man interested in culture."[nineteen]

For John F. Kennedy His Inauguration

The celebrity of a next Augustan age
Of a power leading from its force and pride,
Of young ambition eager to be tried,
Business firm in our free behavior without dismay,
In any game the nations want to play.
A gold historic period of poetry and power
Of which this noonday's the beginning hour.

—Endmost seven lines from Robert Frost's verse form
"For John F. Kennedy His Inauguration",
the expanded version of "Dedication".[twenty]

Frost composed a new poem titled Dedication specifically for the ceremony equally a preface to the verse form Kennedy suggested,[xv] [19] to the surprise of Kennedy's friends.[21] On the morning of the inauguration, Frost asked Stewart Udall, Kennedy's future Secretarial assistant of the Interior, to have his handwritten draft type scripted for easier reading, to which Udall obliged.[21]

One time at the presidential podium, notwithstanding, the glare of the lord's day and snow prevented him from reading his papers.[17] [22] When Frost started reading, he stumbled on the first 3 lines, squinting at his papers in view of the crowd and cameras.[17] Vice President Johnson tried to assist by using his top hat as a shade, nonetheless Frost waved the offer aside, took the hat and jokingly said "I'll help you with that", sparking laughter and adulation from the crowd and President Kennedy. Understanding the immediacy of the situation, Frost stated to the microphones that "this [the poem] was to accept been a preface to a poem which I do not have to read",[xviii] and began to recite "The Souvenir Outright" from memory.[15] [17] [22] This marks the first time a poem was read at a presidential inauguration, a feature repeated by hereafter presidents Bill Clinton, Barack Obama, and Joe Biden at their respective ceremonies.[fourteen] [23] [24] [25]

Frost gave the type scripted version of the undelivered "Dedication" verse form to Udall after the ceremony, who eventually donated the document to the Library of Congress where it is stored today.[21] The original manuscript version, personally dedicated by Frost, was provided to the president and currently held by the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library.[20] [26] Kennedy'due south wife Jacqueline framed this manuscript version, writing on the back of the frame: For Jack. First thing I had framed to be put in your role. Get-go thing to be hung there. [20] [26] Frost officially presented the poem, retitled to For John F. Kennedy His Inauguration and expanded from 42 to 77 lines, to Kennedy in March 1962.[17] The unread poem (published in 1962 as part of Frost's In the Clearing poetry drove) was finally recited at the U.South. Capitol past Chaplain Daniel P. Coughlin during the 50th anniversary celebrations of Kennedy's inauguration.[xv]

Oath of part [edit]

The oath of office of the president was administered to Kennedy by Chief Justice Earl Warren using a closed family Bible at 12:51 (ET) although he officially became president at the stroke of noon.[12] [27] [28] [29] [30] Kennedy did not habiliment an overcoat when taking the oath of office and delivering the inaugural address, despite the common cold conditions of 22 °F (−6 °C) with windchill at 7 °F (−fourteen °C) at noon.[half-dozen] [7] [31]

Countdown accost [edit]

Video of John F. Kennedy being sworn in equally thirty-fifth president of the Us, and delivering his inaugural accost.

Immediately after reciting the adjuration of role, President Kennedy turned to address the crowd gathered at the Capitol. His 1366-word[32] inaugural address, the first delivered to a televised audience in color,[14] is considered one of the best presidential inaugural speeches in American history.[33] [35]

Allow the discussion become forth from this time and place, to friend and foe akin, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans—built-in in this century, tempered past state of war, disciplined past a hard and bitter peace, proud of our aboriginal heritage—and unwilling to witness or allow the ho-hum undoing of those human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which nosotros are committed today at home and around the world.[36]

And then, my fellow Americans: enquire not what your country can do for you lot—enquire what you can practice for your country.[36]

Drafting [edit]

The spoken communication was crafted by Kennedy and his spoken language writer Ted Sorensen. Kennedy had Sorensen study President Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address equally well every bit other countdown speeches.[37] [38] Kennedy began collecting thoughts and ideas for his inauguration oral communication in late Nov 1960. He took suggestions from diverse friends, aides and counselors, including suggestions from clergymen for biblical quotations. Kennedy so made several drafts using his own thoughts and some of those suggestions.[39] Kennedy included in his speech several suggestions made by Harvard economist John Kenneth Galbraith and past the onetime Autonomous presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson II. Kennedy's line "Let united states of america never negotiate out of fright. Simply permit usa never fearfulness to negotiate." is nearly identical to Galbraith'southward suggestion "We shall never negotiate out of fear. Just we shall never fear to negotiate." Stevenson'due south suggestion "if the free way of life doesn't help the many poor of this world it volition never relieve the few rich." was the basis for Kennedy's line "If a free society cannot aid the many who are poor, information technology cannot save the few who are rich."[40]

Master ideas of the voice communication [edit]

Kennedy came into ability at the height of the Cold State of war with the difficult goals of maintaining peaceful international relations and representing the Us as a strong global force. These themes dominated his inaugural address. Kennedy highlighted the newly discovered dangers of nuclear power and the accelerating arms race, making the point that a focus on firepower should be replaced with a focus on international relations and helping the impoverished of the world.[41] Co-ordinate to speechwriter Ted Sorensen, the well-nigh important sentence in the oral communication, expressing the core of Kennedy's policy, was: "For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubtfulness can we be certain across doubt that they will never be employed."[42] Sorensen revealed in 2007 that John F. Kennedy had v objectives in mind with his speech, all of which, co-ordinate to Sorensen, were achieved.[43] Sorensen called Kennedy'southward speech "wise and courageous" and concluded: "Kennedy's inaugural address was earth-changing, heralding the commencement of a new American administration and strange policy adamant upon a peaceful victory in the west's long cold war struggle with the Soviet Marriage over the world'south future direction. [...] It was a statement of core values - his and the nation's at that time - that he very much believed needed to be conveyed."[43]

Rhetorical elements [edit]

The main focus of the spoken communication can crudely be boiled down to one theme—the relationship betwixt duty and power.[44] This is emphasized past Kennedy's strong utilise of juxtaposition in the first part of the speech. For example, he states in the second passage, "... Man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life," a clear calling-out of not only America, simply also other nations of ability for skewed Cold War priorities. He once again employs the strategy in the fifth passage when he says, "United in that location is piffling we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided there is picayune we can exercise," again appealing to the idea of refocusing of international values.[45] Again, after exhorting "both sides" to action, he calls on all of "us" "to conduct the burden of a long twilight struggle ... against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and state of war itself,"[46] though the phrase "long twilight struggle" came to be associated with the cold war struggle confronting communism.[47]

I of the master components of classical rhetoric; kairos—which means to say or do whatever is fitting in a given situation, and is the fashion with which the orator clothes the proof, also as to prepon (the advisable)—which means what is said must conform to both audience and occasion, are also extremely prevalent in this address.[48] Recognizing the fright and anxiety prevalent in the American people since the beginning of the Cold War, Kennedy geared his voice communication to accept an optimistic and even idealistic tone as a means of providing comfort. He does this past quickly moving the time of the speech into the future, and invokes repetition of the phrase "Let both sides ..." to allude to how he plans to deal with strained relations while also highly-seasoned to the end goal of international unity. He also phrases negative ideas in a manner so as to present them every bit opportunities—a challenge, appealing to innately American ideals. A great line to emphasize this is in the 4th from concluding passage, where he states, "In the long history of the globe, but a few generations have been granted the function of defending freedom in its hr of maximum danger," a simple twist of words that challenges the American public rather than frightening them.

It was also in his countdown address that John F. Kennedy spoke his famous words, "ask not what your country can do for yous, ask what you can exercise for your land." This apply of antimetabole can be seen even as a thesis argument of his speech communication—a call to activeness for the public to practice what is right for the greater proficient. (This appears to be an elegant rephrasing of Franklin D. Roosevelt'due south credence voice communication at the 1936 Democratic National Convention: "To some generations much is given. Of other generations much is expected. This generation of Americans has a rendezvous with destiny.") [49]

Invited guests [edit]

Along with official presidential guests and honorees, including former presidents, vice presidents, cabinet members, and other Washington officials, the Kennedys invited famous men and women of the arts, including Carl Sandburg, John Steinbeck, Ernest Hemingway, Brendan Behan, Marker Rothko, and fashion icon and future Vogue editor Diana Vreeland.[3]

Congressman Tip O'Neill sat next to wealthy Boston man of affairs George Kara:[3]

O'Neill recalled that Kara had nudged him and said, "Years from now, historians will wonder what was on the immature man's mind as he strode to take his oath of office. I bet he'southward asking himself how George Kara got such a expert seat." That night, O'Neill and his wife danced over to the president'south box at the ball in the Mayflower Hotel to congratulate him, and sure enough, Kennedy asked, "Was that George Kara sitting beside you?" O'Neill told Kennedy what Kara had said, and J.F.K replied, "Tip, you'll never believe it. I had my left hand on the Bible and my right manus in the air, and I was near to take the oath of office, and I said to myself, 'How the hell did Kara get that seat?'"

Presidents and outset ladies [edit]

Five showtime ladies, Edith Wilson, Eleanor Roosevelt, Bess Truman, Mamie Eisenhower and Jackie Kennedy attended the result, as did future first ladies Lady Bird Johnson, Pat Nixon, and Betty Ford.

Former president Harry Southward Truman joined presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy on the platform, as did time to come presidents Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard 1000. Nixon and Gerald Ford, making this, retroactively, the largest conclave of the "presidential fraternity" prior to the opening of the Reagan Library in the 1990s.

Parade to the White Business firm [edit]

A vast parade along Pennsylvania Avenue followed the inauguration ceremony, bearing the new president from Capitol Plaza to the White House. Upon his arrival, Kennedy mounted a reviewing stand up shared with honored guests such as former president Harry Truman and onetime first ladies Edith Wilson and Eleanor Roosevelt. Throngs of onlookers and millions of television viewers also watched the procession; it took 3 hours to pass past. Sixteen thousand members of the US armed forces marched with displays of modern weaponry like the Minuteman missile and the supersonic B-70 bomber. A further sixteen thousand marchers were civilians ranging from federal and state officials to loftier schoolhouse bands and Boy Scouts, accompanied by forty floats.[50]

Impact [edit]

Kennedy's inauguration marked many firsts for the U.s.a.. Kennedy was the first Catholic inaugurated every bit commander-in-chief.[51] At the inauguration, Kennedy, then 43, was the youngest elected president and was replacing the oldest president in American history at that time, Eisenhower.[52] [53] [54] The age departure and visual bear on of the turnover from Eisenhower's presence to Kennedy'south was noticeable at the inauguration.[31] [55] In addition, Kennedy was the first person built-in in the 20th century to have been inaugurated equally president.[56]

The claim that Kennedy did not habiliment a lid to his inauguration, and so single-handedly killed the men'southward chapeau manufacture,[57] [58] [59] is simulated.[59] [60] Kennedy wore a elevation hat to the inauguration and to the balls in the evening, removing it merely to exist sworn in and give his address. He in fact restored the tradition, later Eisenhower broke with it by wearing a homburg instead of a pinnacle hat to both of his inaugurations.[59] Johnson, at his inauguration in 1965, was the offset president to go completely hatless.[59] [60]

References [edit]

  1. ^ Bragdon, Henry Due west. (1998). History of a Gratis Nation. New York: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill. [ ISBN missing ] [ page needed ]
  2. ^ "44TH Countdown CEREMONIES". U.s. Senate. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d east f g h i Purdum, Todd (February 2011). "From That Solar day Along". Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2011-01-18 .
  4. ^ a b c d e f one thousand h Doyle, Jack (21 August 2011). "The Jack Pack, Pt. ii: 1961–2008". PopHistoryDig.com . Retrieved xvi February 2014.
  5. ^ Jacobs, George; Stadiem, William (2003). Mr. South.: The Last Give-and-take on Frank Sinatra. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN0-06-051516-iii.
  6. ^ a b c d east f g h Jason Samenow (January ix, 2009). "Inauguration Atmospheric condition: The Instance of Kennedy". The Washington Post . Retrieved Feb 10, 2010.
  7. ^ a b c "Presidential Countdown Conditions: Worst Traffic Jam - 1961". U.S. National Weather Service . Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  8. ^ Paul J. Kocin and Louis W. Uccellini (2004). Northeast Snowstorms. American Meteorological Society. p. 400. ISBNi-878220-64-0.
  9. ^ Andrea Stone (February 10, 2010). "Record Falls With Snowfall in Washington, DC". AOL News. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved Feb 10, 2010.
  10. ^ National Weather Service Sterling, VA. "Presidential Countdown Weather". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Assistants. Retrieved February 10, 2010.
  11. ^ a b "Newdow v. Bush-league, 391 F. Supp. 2d 95 (D.D.C. 2005), Appendix D: Inaugural Clergy" (PDF). United States Commune Court, District of Columbia. 17 December 2004. p. 2 of Appendix, footnote 26. No. Civ.A.04-2208(JDB). Retrieved 2014-02-eleven .
  12. ^ a b "President John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 1961". Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. Retrieved 2009-01-21 .
  13. ^ "Inaugurals of Presidents of the U.s.a.: Some Precedents and Notable Events". Library of Congress, citing Curlicue Call article of 18 January 1961 . Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  14. ^ a b c Wolly, Brian (17 Dec 2008). "History & Archaeology: Inaugural Firsts – When was the start inaugural parade? Who had the longest countdown address? A expect at presidential inaugurations through time". Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  15. ^ a b c d Wirzbicki, Alan (11 January 2011). "The poem Robert Frost wanted to read at John F. Kennedy's inauguration". Boston.com. Boston Globe. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  16. ^ Tuten, Nancy Lewis; Zubizarreta, John (2001). The Robert Frost Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0313294648
  17. ^ a b c d eastward f g Associated Press (30 January 1963). "Robert Frost Dies at 88; Kennedy Leads in Tribute". New York Times . Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  18. ^ a b "Robert Frost Adds Poet'southward Impact". The New York Times. 21 January 1961.
  19. ^ a b c d "Poetry and Power: Robert Frost's Countdown Reading". Poets.org. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved eleven February 2014.
  20. ^ a b c Camia, Catalina (26 September 2010). "Why poet Frost made a concluding-minute switch at JFK's inauguration". United states of america Today . Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  21. ^ a b c Birney, Alice. "Stewart Fifty. Udall Collection: Robert Frost's Dedication". Library of Congress . Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  22. ^ a b "The Poetry of Robert Frost". Library of Congress. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
  23. ^ Michael East. Ruane (2008-12-17). "Pick Provides Civil Rights Symmetry". Washington Post . Retrieved 2009-01-xv .
  24. ^ Rosenthal, Harry (20 January 1997). "Poet Addresses Countdown Result". Washington Post . Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  25. ^ Alter, Alexandra. "Amanda Gorman Captures the Moment, in Poetry".
  26. ^ a b "Robert Frost'southward Original Poem for JFK's Inauguration Finds Manner to Kennedy Presidential Library". John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. JFKPOF-140-045. Retrieved January 8, 2008.
  27. ^ "John F. Kennedy and Republic of ireland – John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum". Jfklibrary.org. Retrieved August xxx, 2010.
  28. ^ New York Times, January 21, 1961, p. 8, col. i.
  29. ^ "White House Diaries". John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. Retrieved January eight, 2008.
  30. ^ "Kennedy Was in Office Despite Delay in Oath". The New York Times. Jan 21, 1961. p. 13.
  31. ^ a b "Kennedy'south Words, Obama'south Claiming". The New York Times. January xix, 2009.
  32. ^ Peters, Gerhard (ed.). "Inaugural Addresses (including length in words) Washington – Trump". University of California, Santa Barbara: The American Presidency Project. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
  33. ^ Kennedy, John Fitzgerald. "Countdown Address". American Rhetoric. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
  34. ^ Wyatt, Edward (10 May 2005). "Ii Authors Ask About 'Enquire Not'". New York Times . Retrieved 11 Feb 2014.
  35. ^ "Greatest speeches of the 20th century". The Guardian . Retrieved 12 February 2014.
  36. ^ a b "John F. Kennedy Quotations: President Kennedy's Inaugural Accost, January 20, 1961". Boston Massachusetts: John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved Oct 17, 2018.
  37. ^ JFK Library. "Analyzing the Inaugural Accost" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 25, 2014. Retrieved January 21, 2011.
  38. ^ Theodore C. Sorensen (October 2008). "Ted Sorensen on Abraham Lincoln: A Man of His Words". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on February thirteen, 2022. Retrieved Feb 13, 2022. Abraham Lincoln, the greatest American president, was also in my view the best of all presidential speechwriters. As a youngster in Lincoln, Nebraska, I stood before the statue of the president gracing the westward side of the towering state capitol and soaked upwards the words of his Gettysburg Address, inscribed on a granite slab behind the statue. 2 decades later, in January 1961, President-elect John F. Kennedy asked me to study those words over again, in preparing to help him write his inaugural address. He also asked me to read all previous 20th-century countdown addresses. I did not learn much from those speeches (except for FDR'southward offset inaugural), but I learned a slap-up deal from Lincoln's ten sentences.
  39. ^ National Athenaeum and Records Administration. "John F. Kennedy's inaugural address, 1961". Retrieved January 29, 2008.
  40. ^ "Analyzing the Rhetoric of JFK's Inaugural Accost" (PDF). Department of Education and Public Programs, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved viii January 2013.
  41. ^ "John F. Kennedy Inaugural Address". Bartleby.
  42. ^ Talbot, David (May 8, 2007). Brothers: The Hidden History of the Kennedy Years. London: Simon & Schuster United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland Ltd. pp. 38–39. ISBN9781847395856. Looking back, Ted Sorensen, Kennedy's essential collaborator, saw nothing contradictory virtually the countdown address. It embodied, he said, Kennedy's fundamental philosophy of peace through strength. "The line in the inaugural address that is the most important is not 'Ask not what your state can do for you.' It's 'For simply when our arms are sufficient beyond dubiety that can we be sure across doubt that they will never be employed.' That was the Kennedy policy in a nutshell. He wasn't for unilaterial disarmament-on the contrary, he wanted to build an overwhelming nuclear advantage, and so we'd never have to utilise them, the Soviets would never dare to challenge us."
  43. ^ a b Ted Sorensen (April 22, 2007). "Groovy speeches of the 20th century: The Kennedys. Ted Sorenson: JFK'southward inaugural address was world-changing". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved Baronial fifteen, 2021.
  44. ^ "The Timeless Speech: A Close Textual Analysis of John F. Kennedy's Countdown". Biane.
  45. ^ "Text Analysis, John F. Kennedy, 1961." Cruz.
  46. ^ Thurston Clarke (2010). Ask Not: The Inauguration of John F. Kennedy and the Speech communication That Changed America. Penguin. p. 39. ISBN978-1101478059.
  47. ^ Thomas Alan Schwartz (1994). "Victories and Defeats in the Long Twilight Struggle: The The states and Western Europe in the 1960s". In Diane B. Kunz (ed.). The Diplomacy of the Crucial Decade: American Foreign Relations During the 1960s. Columbia University Press. p. 115. ISBN978-0231081771.
  48. ^ "Toward a Sophistic Definition of Rhetoric." Poulakos. Philosophy and Rhetoric 16(1983):35–48.
  49. ^ "Acceptance Oral communication for the Renomination for the Presidency, Philadelphia, Pa". presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2018-06-04 .
  50. ^ "Dazzling Military Might Goes On Parade for New President". The Terre Haute Tribune. Terre Haute, IN. UPI. January 20, 1961. Retrieved December ten, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. open access
  51. ^ Frank Freidel and Hugh Sidey. "The Presidents of the U.s.a.: John F. Kennedy". WhiteHouse.gov. White House Historical Association. Archived from the original on 2 June 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  52. ^ "Reagan Now Oldest President". The New York Times. Reuters. May 17, 1981. p. 28.
  53. ^ Lawrence, Due west.H. (January 21, 1961). "Kennedy Sworn in, Asks 'Global Alliance' Against Tyranny, Desire, Affliction, and State of war; Republicans and Diplomats Hail Address". The New York Times. p. one.
  54. ^ Business Insider. "Donald Trump is the oldest president elected in US history". Business organization Insider . Retrieved 12 May 2017.
  55. ^ Brooks, David (xiv March 2011). "The Ike Phase". The New York Times . Retrieved 12 February 2014.
  56. ^ Crouch, Ian (xx Jan 2011). "Robert Frost and J.F.K., L Years Later". The New Yorker . Retrieved 12 February 2014.
  57. ^ Robert Krulwich (4 May 2012). "Who Killed Men'due south Hats? Think Of A Three Letter Word Start With 'I'". NPR. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  58. ^ Sam Parker (19 November 2013). "How to wear a chapeau and look good". Esquire . Retrieved 16 Baronial 2015.
  59. ^ a b c d "Hat Trick". Snopes. 27 September 2007. Retrieved sixteen August 2015.
  60. ^ a b "Countdown Traditions: Dude, Where's My Top Hat?". ABC News. 19 January 2009. Retrieved xvi August 2015.

Bibliography [edit]

  • Clarke, Thurston Ask Non : The Inauguration of John F. Kennedy and the Speech That Changed America. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 2004. ISBN 0-8050-7213-6.
  • Rhetorical Terms and Techniques of Persuasion from Kennedy's Inaugural Address. United states Department of Education and Public Programs, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.

External links [edit]

  • John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
  • Library of Congress, John F. Kennedy Presidential Inauguration
  • President Kennedy 1961 Inaugural Address (with audio) on YouTube
  • Equally delivered text of Kennedy'due south Countdown Address
  • Audio of Kennedy's Inaugural Address

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy

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